Status	Stage
New Updated	Protocol Review

• Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates
• Acupuncture for neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborn infants
• Acupuncture for procedural pain in newborn infants
• Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis
• Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise
• Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
• Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth
• Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants
• Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
• Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants
• Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures
• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
• Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter-related infection in neonates
• Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis
• Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis
• Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis
• Antibiotic regimens for suspected late onset sepsis in newborn infants
• Antibiotic regimens for the empirical treatment of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis
• Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants
• Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid
• Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures
• Antifungal therapy for newborn infants with invasive fungal infection
• Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters
• Antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in newborn infants
• Antiseptic solutions for skin preparation during central catheter insertion in neonates
• Antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins to prevent staphylococcal infection in very low birth weight infants
• Antithrombin for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants
• Antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates
• Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Audio recordings of consultations with doctors for parents of critically sick babies
• Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction
• Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breastfeeds in preterm infants
• Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants
• Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis
• Bed sharing versus no bed sharing for healthy term neonates
• Beta-blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
• Birth room transition support for preterm infants: a Cochrane overview
• Birth room transition support for term and near-term infants: a Cochrane overview
• Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea
• Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates
• Branched-chain amino acid supplementation for improving growth and development in term and preterm neonates
• Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
• Bubble devices versus other pressure sources for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants
• C-reactive protein for diagnosing late-onset infection in newborn infants
• Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity
• Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
• Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
• Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants
• Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants
• Carnitine supplementation for preterm infants with recurrent apnoea
• Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates
• Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring for prevention of brain injury in very preterm infants
• Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation
• Chest physiotherapy for reducing respiratory morbidity in infants requiring ventilatory support
• Chest shielding for prevention of a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants receiving phototherapy
• Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates
• Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care
• Clofibrate in combination with phototherapy for unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
• Clonidine for pain in non-ventilated infants
• Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins
• Community-based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low- and middle-income countries
• Community-based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low- and middle-income countries
• Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants
• Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters
• Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants
• Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants
• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams
• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity
• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants
• Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
• Continuous versus bolus intermittent intragastric tube feeding for preterm and low birth weight infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
• Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
• Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an overview of systematic reviews
• Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants
• Cot-nursing versus incubator care for preterm infants
• Cradle hold versus alternate positions for bottle feeding preterm infants
• Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates
• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed
• Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants
• Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates
• D-Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
• Deep versus shallow suction of endotracheal tubes in ventilated neonates and young infants
• Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants
• Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• Devices and pressure sources for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm neonates
• Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
• Diaphragm-triggered non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants
• Diazepam for treating tetanus
• Different strains of probiotics for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
• Digoxin for preventing or treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants
• Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation
• Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
• Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Diuretics for transient tachypnoea of the newborn
• Donor human milk for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low-birthweight infants
• Dopamine for prevention of morbidity and mortality in term newborn infants with suspected perinatal asphyxia
• Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants
• Dopamine versus no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin-treated preterm newborn infants
• Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators
• Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
• Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants
• Doxapram versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants
• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight preterm neonates
• Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants
• Early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who have not established full oral feeds
• Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants
• Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants
• Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice
• Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants
• Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants
• Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants
• Early planned removal of umbilical venous catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants
• Early planned removal versus expectant management of peripherally inserted central catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants
• Early removal versus expectant management of central venous catheters in neonates with bloodstream infection
• Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs. selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome
• Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants
• Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants
• Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition
• Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants
• Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
• Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
• Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm
• Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants
• Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants
• Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
• Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants
• Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous, meconium-stained infants born at term
• Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants
• Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants
• Enteral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
• Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Enteral lipid supplements for the prevention and treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in infants
• Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates
• Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants
• Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn
• Erythromycin for the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants
• Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum
• Erythropoietin for term and late preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
• Ethamsylate for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants
• Extubation from low-rate intermittent positive airway pressure versus extubation after a trial of endotracheal continuous positive airway pressure in intubated preterm infants
• Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
• Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro-oesophageal reflux
• Fibreoptic phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
• Flow-cycled versus time-cycled synchronized ventilation for neonates
• Fluid restriction and prophylactic indomethacin versus prophylactic indomethacin alone for prevention of morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants
• Fluid restriction for term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia
• Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease
• Fluid restriction for treatment of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Fluid restriction in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn
• Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
• Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants
• Frenotomy for tongue-tie in newborn infants
• Frequency of endotracheal suctioning for the prevention of respiratory morbidity in ventilated newborns
• Furosemide for prevention of morbidity in indomethacin-treated infants with patent ductus arteriosus
• G-CSF and GM-CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections
• Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease
• Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Glycerin laxatives for prevention or treatment of feeding intolerance in very low birth weight infants
• Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality
• Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropenia
• Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates
• Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
• Heated and humidified inspired gas through heated humidifiers in comparison to non-heated and non-humidified gas in hospitalised neonates receiving respiratory support
• Heliox for prevention of morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants
• Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates
• Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
• Heparin for the treatment of thrombosis in neonates
• High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants
• High frequency jet ventilation versus high frequency oscillatory ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
• High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at or near term
• High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants
• High versus low thresholds for repeat administration of surfactant in intubated preterm neonates
• High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants
• High- versus low-dose conventional phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
• Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants
• Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants
• Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed term infants
• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants
• Home- versus hospital-based phototherapy for the treatment of non-haemolytic jaundice in infants at more than 37 weeks' gestation
• Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates
• Hydralazine in infants with persistent hypoxemic respiratory failure
• Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants
• Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates
• Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease
• Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk
• Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease
• Infant isolation and cohorting for preventing or reducing transmission of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units
• Infant pacifiers for reduction in risk of sudden infant death syndrome
• Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants
• Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates
• Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants
• Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome
• Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation
• Insulin-like growth factor-1 for the prevention or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
• Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
• Interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates
• Interventions for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews
• Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants
• Interventions for the management of transient tachypnoea of the newborn - an overview of systematic reviews
• Interventions for treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants
• Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants
• Intratracheal Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) administration in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or proven infection in neonates
• Intravenous in-line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates
• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
• Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
• Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates
• Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants
• Invasive management for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants
• Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants
• Kinesthetic stimulation for preventing apnea in preterm infants
• Kinesthetic stimulation for treating apnea in preterm infants
• Kinesthetic stimulation versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants
• Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants
• Lactoferrin for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery
• Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation
• Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Late (≥ 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants
• Light-emitting diode phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
• Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants
• Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants
• Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity
• Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term
• Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants
• Loop diuretics during blood transfusion for anemia in preterm infants
• Low versus high haemoglobin concentration threshold for blood transfusion for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants
• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth
• Lung lavage for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
• Lung recruitment manoeuvres for reducing mortality and respiratory morbidity in mechanically ventilated neonates
• Lutein and zeaxanthin for reducing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Macrolides for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm neonates
• Magnesium sulfate for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
• Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants
• Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants
• Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease
• Medical therapies for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in term and preterm infants
• Melatonin treatment for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
• Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Metalloporphyrins for treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
• Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants
• Methods of securing peripheral vascular catheters to reduce morbidity in neonates
• Methylxanthine for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
• Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
• Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants
• Milrinone for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
• Milrinone for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction in neonates
• Moderately early (7-14 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
• Molecular assays for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates
• Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants
• Multinutrient fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
• Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants
• Multisensory stimulation for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants
• Naloxone for opioid-exposed newborn infants
• Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks' gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia
• Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for term neonates with respiratory distress
• Nasal continuous positive airway pressure immediately after extubation for preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants
• Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation
• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for apnea of prematurity
• Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation
• Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants
• Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Nebulised surfactant in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants
• Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn
• Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews
• Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle income countries
• Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared to other forms of triggered ventilation for neonatal respiratory support
• Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
• Newborn resuscitation with intact cord for non-vigorous term or late preterm infants
• Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
• Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Non-invasive high-frequency ventilation in newborn infants with respiratory distress
• Non-invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn
• Non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants as primary mode: a network meta-analysis
• Non-nutritive sucking for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants
• Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants
• Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates
• Non-pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns
• Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates
• Nutrient-enriched formula milk versus human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
• Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants
• Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge
• Octreotide for the treatment of chylothorax in neonates
• Olfactory stimulation for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates
• Opioid treatment for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants
• Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates
• Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants
• Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk neonates
• Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates
• Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants
• Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants
• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants
• Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
• Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
• Orotracheal intubation in infants performed with a stylet versus without a stylet
• Overview of ventilation strategies for the early management of intubated preterm infants
• Pain relief for neonatal circumcision
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns
• Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia
• Patient isolation measures for infants with candida colonization or infection for preventing or reducing transmission of candida in neonatal units
• Pentoxifylline for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates
• Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates
• Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia
• Peripheral retinal ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
• Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants
• Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
• Pharmacological interventions for pain and sedation management in newborn infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia
• Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants
• Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants
• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates
• Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews
• Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
• Plasma transfusion to prevent intraventricular haemorrhage in very preterm infants
• Platelet transfusion thresholds for thrombocytopenic infants
• Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy
• Positioning for lumbar puncture in newborn infants
• Positive end-expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth
• Post-extubation use of non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
• Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn
• Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
• Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia
• Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
• Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy
• Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Premedication for non-urgent endotracheal intubation for preventing pain in neonates
• Preoxygenation for tracheal suctioning in intubated, ventilated newborn infants
• Probiotics for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery
• Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity
• Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Procalcitonin for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates: a diagnostic test accuracy review
• Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Prophylactic animal derived surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical venous catheters
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants with intercostal catheters
• Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants
• Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia
• Prophylactic caffeine to prevent postoperative apnoea following general anaesthesia in preterm infants
• Prophylactic cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor drugs for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
• Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation
• Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn
• Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
• Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants
• Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants
• Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants
• Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters
• Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants
• Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection
• Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates
• Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates
• Propofol for procedural sedation/anaesthesia in neonates
• Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions
• Prostanoids and their analogues for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates
• Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants
• Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
• Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
• Protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates
• Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in newborn infants
• Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants
• Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects
• Pulse oximetry sensor application for neonates during resuscitation
• Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants
• Radiant warmers versus incubators for regulating body temperature in newborn infants
• Rapid correction of early metabolic acidaemia in comparison with placebo, no intervention or slow correction in LBW infants
• Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants
• Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates
• Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy
• Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage
• Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
• Rescue high-frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
• Respiratory function monitoring to reduce mortality and morbidity in newborn infants receiving resuscitation
• Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants
• Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy
• Routine oro/nasopharyngeal suction versus no suction at birth
• Routine screening by echocardiography to reduce morbidity and mortality from congenital heart disease in neonates with Down syndrome
• Safety and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in preterm infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn
• Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates
• Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants
• Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants
• Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates
• Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants
• Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants
• Shorter versus longer duration antibiotic regimens for treatment of culture-positive neonatal sepsis
• Shorter versus longer duration antibiotic regimens for treatment of suspected neonatal sepsis
• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates
• Single versus double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborn infants
• Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates
• Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants
• Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth
• Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants
• Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality
• Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants
• Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage and encephalopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
• Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in newborn infants
• Stem cell-based interventions for the treatment of stroke in newborn infants
• Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
• Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Strategies for cessation of caffeine administration in preterm infants
• Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants
• Strategies for the withdrawal of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants
• Sucrose analgesia for heel-lance procedures in neonates
• Sucrose analgesia for venepuncture in neonates
• Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
• Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates
• Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants
• Supplemental oxygen for the treatment of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity
• Surfactant for bacterial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants
• Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants
• Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates
• Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Surfactant therapy via thin catheter in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
• Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
• Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes
• Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants
• Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
• Systemic corticosteroids for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a network meta-analysis
• Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates
• Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates
• Telemedicine for the support of parents of high-risk newborn infants
• The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow
• Thrombolytic agents for arterial and venous thromboses in neonates
• Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery
• Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants
• Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants
• Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants
• Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
• Tracheal suction at birth in non-vigorous neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid
• Tracheal suctioning without disconnection in intubated ventilated neonates
• Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates
• Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns
• Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality
• Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight
• Transfusion of fresh versus non-fresh (older) red blood cell in neonates
• Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter design (end vs. side hole)
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter materials
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin
• Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip
• Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
• Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates
• Vasopressin and its analogues for the treatment of refractory hypotension in neonates
• Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates
• Vestibular stimulation for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
• Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates
• Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in moderate and late preterm infants
• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age
• Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants
• Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in preterm and low birth weight infants
• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health
• Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates
• Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants
• Washed versus unwashed red blood cells for transfusion for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near-term and term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
• Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age
• Zinc supplementation of parenteral nutrition in newborn infants
• Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns

• Blood and Hematopoietic Disorders (15)
  • Blood Component Therapy (8)
    • Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants
    • Washed versus unwashed red blood cells for transfusion for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Loop diuretics during blood transfusion for anemia in preterm infants
    • Low versus high haemoglobin concentration threshold for blood transfusion for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants
    • Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia
    • Platelet transfusion thresholds for thrombocytopenic infants
    • Transfusion of fresh versus non-fresh (older) red blood cell in neonates
    • Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn
  • Erythropoietin (3)
    • Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
    • Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants
  • Hematologic Problems in the Neonate (4)
    • Heparin for the treatment of thrombosis in neonates
    • Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates
    • Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates
    • Thrombolytic agents for arterial and venous thromboses in neonates
• Cardiovascular Disorders (27)
  • Cardiac Arrythmia (0)
  • Congenital Heart Disease (2)
    • Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions
    • Routine screening by echocardiography to reduce morbidity and mortality from congenital heart disease in neonates with Down syndrome
  • Hypotension (7)
    • Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise
    • Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants
    • Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants
    • Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
    • Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
    • The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow
    • Vasopressin and its analogues for the treatment of refractory hypotension in neonates
  • Other Cardiovascular Disorders (2)
    • Milrinone for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction in neonates
    • Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery
  • Patent Ductus Arteriosus (16)
    • Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants
    • Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants
    • Fluid restriction and prophylactic indomethacin versus prophylactic indomethacin alone for prevention of morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants
    • Furosemide for prevention of morbidity in indomethacin-treated infants with patent ductus arteriosus
    • Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
    • Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants
    • Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
    • Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
    • Invasive management for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
    • Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
    • Prophylactic cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor drugs for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
    • Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
    • Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants
    • Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
    • Interventions for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews
    • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants
• Delivery Room Resuscitation of the Newborn (17)
  • Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth
  • Routine oro/nasopharyngeal suction versus no suction at birth
  • Birth room transition support for preterm infants: a Cochrane overview
  • Birth room transition support for term and near-term infants: a Cochrane overview
  • Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates
  • Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants
  • Nasal interfaces for neonatal resuscitation
  • Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation
  • Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth
  • Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants
  • Newborn resuscitation with intact cord for non-vigorous term or late preterm infants
  • Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth
  • Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes
  • Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants
  • Pulse oximetry sensor application for neonates during resuscitation
  • Respiratory function monitoring to reduce mortality and morbidity in newborn infants receiving resuscitation
  • Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth
• Dermatologic Disorders (0)
• Diagnostic Imaging and Testing (6)
  • C-reactive protein for diagnosing late-onset infection in newborn infants
  • Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates
  • Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns
  • Molecular assays for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates
  • Procalcitonin for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates: a diagnostic test accuracy review
  • Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects
• Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders (1)
  • Frenotomy for tongue-tie in newborn infants
• Eye Disorders (7)
  • Neonatal Eye Disease (0)
  • Retinopathy of Prematurity (7)
    • Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
    • Beta-blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
    • D-Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
    • Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants
    • Insulin-like growth factor-1 for the prevention or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
    • Peripheral retinal ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
    • Supplemental oxygen for the treatment of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity
• Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Homeostasis (4)
  • Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis
  • Interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates
  • Rapid correction of early metabolic acidaemia in comparison with placebo, no intervention or slow correction in LBW infants
  • Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
• Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders (24)
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux (3)
    • Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro-oesophageal reflux
    • Non-nutritive sucking for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants
    • Safety and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in preterm infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis (15)
    • Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
    • Antibiotic regimens for the empirical treatment of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis
    • Audio recordings of consultations with doctors for parents of critically sick babies
    • Different strains of probiotics for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
    • Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
    • Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants
    • Enteral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
    • Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
    • Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates
    • Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates
    • Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants
    • Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
    • Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants
    • Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
  • Other Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders (6)
    • Probiotics for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery
    • Erythromycin for the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants
    • Glycerin laxatives for prevention or treatment of feeding intolerance in very low birth weight infants
    • Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants
    • Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants
    • Lactoferrin for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery
• Genetic Disorders (0)
• Immune System Disorders (4)
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy
  • Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy
  • Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity
  • Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants
• Inborn Errors of Metabolism (0)
• Infants with Opioid Exposure (5)
  • Acupuncture for neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborn infants
  • Naloxone for opioid-exposed newborn infants
  • Non-pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns
  • Opioid treatment for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants
  • Sedatives for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants
• Infection (32)
  • Fungal and Protozoal Infections (3)
    • Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants
    • Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants
    • Antifungal therapy for newborn infants with invasive fungal infection
  • Infection Control (6)
    • Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates
    • Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates
    • Infant isolation and cohorting for preventing or reducing transmission of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units
    • Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality
    • Patient isolation measures for infants with candida colonization or infection for preventing or reducing transmission of candida in neonatal units
    • Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns
  • Postnatal Bacterial Infections (20)
    • Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis
    • Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis
    • Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis
    • Antibiotic regimens for suspected late onset sepsis in newborn infants
    • Community-based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low- and middle-income countries
    • Antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins to prevent staphylococcal infection in very low birth weight infants
    • Diazepam for treating tetanus
    • G-CSF and GM-CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections
    • One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates
    • Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropenia
    • Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or proven infection in neonates
    • Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates
    • Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants
    • Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection
    • Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates
    • Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants
    • Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis
    • Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates
  • Viral Infections (3)
    • Antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates
    • Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants
    • Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants
• Intravascular Access (24)
  • Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter-related infection in neonates
  • Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants
  • Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters
  • Antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in newborn infants
  • Antiseptic solutions for skin preparation during central catheter insertion in neonates
  • Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters
  • Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants
  • Early planned removal of umbilical venous catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants
  • Early planned removal versus expectant management of peripherally inserted central catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants
  • Early removal versus expectant management of central venous catheters in neonates with bloodstream infection
  • Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates
  • Intravenous in-line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates
  • Methods of securing peripheral vascular catheters to reduce morbidity in neonates
  • Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants
  • Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates
  • Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters
  • Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical venous catheters
  • Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants with intercostal catheters
  • Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters
  • Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates
  • Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter design (end vs. side hole)
  • Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter materials
  • Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin
  • Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip
• Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders (2)
  • Dopamine versus no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin-treated preterm newborn infants
  • Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy
• Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders (9)
  • Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Metabolism (0)
  • Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism (5)
    • Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants
    • Interventions for treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants
    • Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk neonates
    • Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants
  • Other Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders (1)
    • Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
  • Thyroid Disorders (3)
    • Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia
    • Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants
• Neonatal Jaundice and Liver Disorders (19)
  • Chest shielding for prevention of a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants receiving phototherapy
  • Clofibrate in combination with phototherapy for unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
  • Light-emitting diode phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
  • Enteral lipid supplements for the prevention and treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in infants
  • Fibreoptic phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
  • Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
  • High- versus low-dose conventional phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
  • Home- versus hospital-based phototherapy for the treatment of non-haemolytic jaundice in infants at more than 37 weeks' gestation
  • Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates
  • Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
  • Medical therapies for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in term and preterm infants
  • Metalloporphyrins for treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
  • Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia
  • Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
  • Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants
  • Single versus double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborn infants
  • Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates
  • Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates
  • Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
• Neonatal Orthopedic Disorders (3)
  • Bone and Joint Infections (0)
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders (3)
    • Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants
    • Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
    • Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants
• Neurodevelopmental Care (3)
  • Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants
  • Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
  • Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants
• Neurologic Disorders (26)
  • Hypotonia and Neuromuscular Disease (0)
  • Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (12)
    • Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates
    • Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
    • Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring for prevention of brain injury in very preterm infants
    • Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
    • Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near-term and term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
    • Dopamine for prevention of morbidity and mortality in term newborn infants with suspected perinatal asphyxia
    • Erythropoietin for term and late preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
    • Fluid restriction for term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia
    • Melatonin treatment for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
    • Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks' gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia
    • Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in newborn infants
    • Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia
  • Intracranial Hemorrhage and Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus (11)
    • Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation
    • Ethamsylate for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm or very low birth weight infants
    • Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
    • Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants
    • Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews
    • Plasma transfusion to prevent intraventricular haemorrhage in very preterm infants
    • Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage
    • Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage and encephalopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
    • Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants
    • Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
    • Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
  • Other Neurologic Disorders (1)
    • Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews
  • Seizures in Neonates (2)
    • Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures
    • Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures
• Nutrition and Metabolism in the High-Risk Neonate (80)
  • Enteral Nutrition (49)
    • Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breastfeeds in preterm infants
    • Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants
    • Branched-chain amino acid supplementation for improving growth and development in term and preterm neonates
    • Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants
    • Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants
    • Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams
    • Continuous versus bolus intermittent intragastric tube feeding for preterm and low birth weight infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
    • Cradle hold versus alternate positions for bottle feeding preterm infants
    • Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed
    • Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants
    • Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Donor human milk for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low-birthweight infants
    • Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants
    • Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants
    • Early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who have not established full oral feeds
    • Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants
    • Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm
    • Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants
    • Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
    • Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease
    • High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants
    • High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants
    • Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed term infants
    • Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates
    • Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk
    • Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation
    • Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants
    • Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term
    • Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants
    • Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
    • Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants
    • Multinutrient fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
    • Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants
    • Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants
    • Nutrient-enriched formula milk versus human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge
    • Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge
    • Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants
    • Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants
    • Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants
    • Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants
    • Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants
    • Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants
    • Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants
    • Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants
  • Parenteral Nutrition (12)
    • Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates
    • Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates
    • Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants
    • Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice
    • Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants
    • Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants
    • Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants
    • Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants
    • Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants
    • Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants
    • Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants
    • Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition
  • Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation (19)
    • Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants
    • Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants
    • Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants
    • Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates
    • Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease
    • Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants
    • Lutein and zeaxanthin for reducing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle income countries
    • Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates
    • Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates
    • Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age
    • Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in moderate and late preterm infants
    • Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants
    • Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in preterm and low birth weight infants
    • Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health
    • Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age
    • Zinc supplementation of parenteral nutrition in newborn infants
• Pain Management (23)
  • Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates
  • Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
  • Clonidine for pain in non-ventilated infants
  • Pharmacological interventions for pain and sedation management in newborn infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia
  • Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates
  • Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
  • Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity
  • Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates
  • Opioids for procedural pain in neonates
  • Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
  • Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
  • Pain relief for neonatal circumcision
  • Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates
  • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns
  • Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates
  • Propofol for procedural sedation/anaesthesia in neonates
  • Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy
  • Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates
  • Sucrose analgesia for heel-lance procedures in neonates
  • Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
  • Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants
  • Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
  • Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates
• Perinatal Services and Resources (2)
  • Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care
  • Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality
• Physical Environment Management (10)
  • Cot-nursing versus incubator care for preterm infants
  • Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants
  • Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators
  • Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
  • Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants
  • Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
  • Radiant warmers versus incubators for regulating body temperature in newborn infants
  • Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants
  • Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight
  • Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants
• Psychosocial Interventions (4)
  • Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins
  • Community-based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low- and middle-income countries
  • Bed sharing versus no bed sharing for healthy term neonates
  • Telemedicine for the support of parents of high-risk newborn infants
• Respiratory Disorders (159)
  • Apnea (19)
    • Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea
    • Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
    • Carnitine supplementation for preterm infants with recurrent apnoea
    • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity
    • Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants
    • Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants
    • Doxapram versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants
    • Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity
    • Kinesthetic stimulation for preventing apnea in preterm infants
    • Kinesthetic stimulation for treating apnea in preterm infants
    • Kinesthetic stimulation versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants
    • Methylxanthine for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
    • Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants
    • Prophylactic caffeine to prevent postoperative apnoea following general anaesthesia in preterm infants
    • Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation
    • Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants
    • Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants
    • Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
    • Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
  • Assessment of Pulmonary Function (0)
  • Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease) (24)
    • Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
    • Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
    • Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
    • Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
    • Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight preterm neonates
    • Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum
    • Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease
    • Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease
    • Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates
    • Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants
    • Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
    • Late (≥ 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Macrolides for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm neonates
    • Moderately early (7-14 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
    • Pentoxifylline for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants
    • Superoxide dismutase for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
    • Systemic corticosteroids for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a network meta-analysis
    • Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants
    • Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an overview of systematic reviews
  • ECMO (1)
    • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants
  • Inhaled NO (2)
    • Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants
    • Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term
  • Mechanical Ventilation and Respiratory Support (55)
    • Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates
    • Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants
    • Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation
    • Chest physiotherapy for reducing respiratory morbidity in infants requiring ventilatory support
    • Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates
    • Deep versus shallow suction of endotracheal tubes in ventilated neonates and young infants
    • Devices and pressure sources for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm neonates
    • Diaphragm-triggered non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants
    • Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants
    • Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
    • Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
    • Extubation from low-rate intermittent positive airway pressure versus extubation after a trial of endotracheal continuous positive airway pressure in intubated preterm infants
    • Flow-cycled versus time-cycled synchronized ventilation for neonates
    • Frequency of endotracheal suctioning for the prevention of respiratory morbidity in ventilated newborns
    • Heated and humidified inspired gas through heated humidifiers in comparison to non-heated and non-humidified gas in hospitalised neonates receiving respiratory support
    • Heliox for prevention of morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants
    • High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants
    • High frequency jet ventilation versus high frequency oscillatory ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
    • High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at or near term
    • Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants
    • Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Lung recruitment manoeuvres for reducing mortality and respiratory morbidity in mechanically ventilated neonates
    • Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease
    • Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants
    • Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for term neonates with respiratory distress
    • Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
    • Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants
    • Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for apnea of prematurity
    • Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation
    • Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants
    • Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants
    • Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants
    • Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared to other forms of triggered ventilation for neonatal respiratory support
    • Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Non-invasive high-frequency ventilation in newborn infants with respiratory distress
    • Non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants as primary mode: a network meta-analysis
    • Overview of ventilation strategies for the early management of intubated preterm infants
    • Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
    • Positive end-expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
    • Post-extubation use of non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
    • Premedication for non-urgent endotracheal intubation for preventing pain in neonates
    • Preoxygenation for tracheal suctioning in intubated, ventilated newborn infants
    • Bubble devices versus other pressure sources for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants
    • Orotracheal intubation in infants performed with a stylet versus without a stylet
    • Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
    • Rescue high-frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants
    • Nasal continuous positive airway pressure immediately after extubation for preventing morbidity in preterm infants
    • Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants
    • Strategies for the withdrawal of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants
    • Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants
    • Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in newborn infants
    • Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
    • Tracheal suctioning without disconnection in intubated ventilated neonates
  • Other Respiratory Disorders in Term and Preterm Infants (4)
    • Infant pacifiers for reduction in risk of sudden infant death syndrome
    • Octreotide for the treatment of chylothorax in neonates
    • Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates
    • Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn
  • Oxygen Administration (4)
    • Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction
    • Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants
    • Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants
  • Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (2)
    • Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants
    • Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality
  • Pneumonia (1)
    • Surfactant for bacterial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants
  • Respiratory Disorders in Term Infants (20)
    • Diaphragmatic Hernia (1)
      • Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants
    • Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (6)
      • Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous, meconium-stained infants born at term
      • Lung lavage for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
      • Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
      • Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants
      • Tracheal suction at birth in non-vigorous neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid
      • Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid
    • Pulmonary Hypertension (6)
      • Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants
      • Hydralazine in infants with persistent hypoxemic respiratory failure
      • Magnesium sulfate for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
      • Milrinone for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
      • Prostanoids and their analogues for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates
      • Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates
    • Transient Tachypnea (7)
      • Diuretics for transient tachypnoea of the newborn
      • Fluid restriction in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn
      • Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn
      • Non-invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn
      • Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn
      • Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn
      • Interventions for the management of transient tachypnoea of the newborn - an overview of systematic reviews
  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome (27)
    • Other Interventions (8)
      • Antithrombin for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
      • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants
      • Digoxin for preventing or treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
      • Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
      • Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants
      • Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome
      • Intratracheal Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) administration in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
    • Pulmonary Surfacant (19)
      • Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
      • Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs. selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome
      • Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
      • High versus low thresholds for repeat administration of surfactant in intubated preterm neonates
      • Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
      • Nebulised surfactant in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Prophylactic animal derived surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
      • Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
      • Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
      • Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates
      • Surfactant therapy via thin catheter in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
      • Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
      • Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome