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A network meta-analysis of non-invasive respiratory strategies for preterm infants

A network meta-analysis of prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

A network meta-analysis of systemic corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

AAA Data Review

AAA Teaching Review

Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates

Acupuncture for neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborn infants

Adapted packages for improving essential newborn care in community settings

Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis

Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise

Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease

Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth

Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants

Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Alterations in parenteral nutrition management for the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in term and preterm infants

Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants

Amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) for predicting neurodevelopmental delay in neonates with a perinatal hypoxic-ischemic event

Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Animal-derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Antacid therapy for gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter-related infection in neonates

Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of UTI in newborns with urinary tract dilatation

Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis (2019 update)

Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis (2019 update)

Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis

Antibiotic regimens for suspected late onset sepsis in newborn infants

Antibiotic regimens for the empirical treatment of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis

Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants

Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid

Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures

Antifungal agents for the treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis in neonates and children

Antifungal therapy for newborn infants with invasive fungal infection

Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters

Antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in newborn infants

Antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins to prevent staphylococcal infection in very low birth weight infants

Antithrombin for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants

Antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates

Antiviral therapy for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in neonates and infants up to 3 months of age

Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Audio recordings of consultations with doctors for parents of critically sick babies

Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction

Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breast feeds in preterm infants

Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants

Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis

Bed sharing versus no bed sharing for healthy term neonates

Beta-blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Birth room transition support for preterm infants: a Cochrane overview

Birth room transition support for term and near-term infants: a Cochrane overview

Blood products for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants- an overview of systematic reviews

Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea

Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates

Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) versus echocardiography for predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Branched-chain amino acid supplementation for improving nutrition in term and preterm neonates

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates

Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants

C-reactive protein for diagnosing late-onset infection in newborn infants

Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity

Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of formula milk for preterm infants

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants

Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants

Carnitine supplementation for preterm infants with recurrent apnoea

Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates

Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring for prevention of brain injury in very preterm infants

Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation

Chest physiotherapy for reducing respiratory morbidity in infants requiring ventilatory support

Chest shielding for prevention of a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants receiving phototherapy

Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of neonatal jaundice

Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates

Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care

Clofibrate in combination with phototherapy for unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia

Clonidine for painful procedures or conditions in infants

Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins

Coagulation management for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants- an overview of systematic reviews

Cochrane Neonatal batch searches

Community-based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low- and middle-income countries

Community-based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low- and middle-income countries

Comparative effectiveness and harms of antibiotic therapy guided by C-reactive protein based test strategies versus WBC and IT ratio alone in asymptomatic full-term neonates at risk for early-onset sepsis

Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants

Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants

Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters

Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants

Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants

Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity

Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants

Continuous versus bolus intragastric tube feeding for preterm and low birth weight infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Cord management at birth for preterm babies (ILCOR)

Cord management at birth for term and late preterm babies (ILCOR)

Corticosteroids for sepsis and septic shock in newborns

Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an overview of systematic reviews

Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants

Cot-nursing versus incubator care for preterm infants

Cradle hold (control) versus alternate positions (intervention) during bottle feeding on physiological stability in preterm infants

Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of intravascular catheter–associated infection in newborn infants

Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants

Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates

D-Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Deep versus shallow suction of endotracheal tubes in ventilated neonates and young infants

Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants

Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants

Devices and pressure sources for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm neonates

Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation

Dexmedetomidine for procedural analgesia in newborn infants

Diagnostic accuracy of C-reactive protein versus peripheral leukocyte counts for early-onset sepsis in asymptomatic, at-risk full-term neonates

Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for identifying neurodevelopmental impairment in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Diagnostic accuracy of MRI versus cranial ultrasound for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in neonates

Diaphragm-triggered non-invasive respiratory support for preventing respiratory failure in preterm infants

Diazepam for treating tetanus

Diazoxide for treatment of hypoglycemia in neonates

Different strains of probiotics for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis

Digoxin for preventing or treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants

Direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test for diagnosis of newborns at risk of immune haemolysis.

Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation

Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease

Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Diuretics for transient tachypnoea of the newborn

Dopamine for prevention of morbidity and mortality in term newborn infants with suspected perinatal asphyxia

Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants

Dopamine versus no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin-treated preterm newborn infants

Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators

Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants

Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants

Doxapram versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants

Duration and depth of therapeutic hypothermia for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborns

Early (< 8 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight preterm neonates

Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants

Early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who have not established full oral feeds

Early enteral feeding practices to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants: Cochrane overview

Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants

Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants

Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice

Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants

Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants

Early planned removal of umbilical venous catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants

Early planned removal versus expectant management of peripherally inserted central catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants

Early removal versus expectant management of central venous catheters in neonates with bloodstream infection

Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs. selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome

Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants

Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Early versus delayed initiation of continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition

Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants

Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants

Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants

Effect of exchange transfusion on mortality in neonates with septicemia

Effect of pre-exchange albumin infusion on neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and long-term developmental outcomes

Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants

Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants

Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants

Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous, meconium-stained infants born at term

Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants

Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants

Enteral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Enteral lipid supplements for the prevention and treatment of intestinal failure-associated liver disease in infants

Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates

Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants

Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn

Erythromycin for the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants

Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum

Erythropoietin for preterm infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Erythropoietin for term and late preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Ethamsylate for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm or very low birth weight infants

Exchange transfusion for neonatal jaundice

Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants

Extubation from low-rate intermittent positive airway pressure versus extubation after a trial of endotracheal continuous positive airway pressure in intubated preterm infants

Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants

Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro-oesophageal reflux

Feeding during treatment of patent ductus arteriosus

Fetal lung maturity tests for prediction of Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Fibreoptic phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

Financial incentives for improving family engagement

Flow-cycled versus time-cycled synchronized ventilation for neonates

Fluid restriction and prophylactic indomethacin versus prophylactic indomethacin alone for prevention of morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants

Fluid restriction for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Fluid restriction for term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia

Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Fluid restriction in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of anaemia in preterm neonates

Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants

Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants

Frenotomy for tongue-tie in newborn infants

Frequency of endotracheal suctioning for the prevention of respiratory morbidity in ventilated newborns

Furosemide for prevention of morbidity in indomethacin-treated infants with patent ductus arteriosus

G-CSF and GM-CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections

Gastrografin for treatment of meconium obstruction in term and preterm infants

Glucose for the management of procedural pain in neonates

Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease

Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Glycerin laxatives for prevention or treatment of feeding intolerance in very low birth weight infants

Glycerine suppository for fecal evacuation in preterm infants with constipation

Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality

Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants

Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropenia

Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates

Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants

Heated and humidified inspired gas through heated humidifiers in comparison to non-heated and non-humidified gas in hospitalised neonates receiving respiratory support

Heliox for prevention of morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants

Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates

Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Heparin for the treatment of thrombosis in neonates

High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants

High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants

High frequency jet ventilation versus high frequency oscillatory ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at or near term

High versus low dose long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for preterm infants (< 37 weeks)

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants

High versus low thresholds for repeat administration of surfactant in intubated preterm neonates

High versus low-dose parenteral administration of calcium and phosphorus for growth and bone health in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants

High vs low dose conventional phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants

Higher versus lower humidity for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants in incubators

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed term infants

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants

Home- versus hospital-based phototherapy for the treatment of non-haemolytic jaundice in infants at more than 37 weeks' gestation

Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates

Hydralazine in infants with persistent hypoxemic respiratory failure

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants

Immediate versus early surfactant replacement therapy for infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates

Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease

Individualized developmental care programs for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants

Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease

Infant isolation and cohorting for preventing or reducing transmission of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units

Infant pacifiers for reduction in risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants

Initiation of complementary feeding before four months of age for prevention of postnatal growth restriction in preterm infants

Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome

Insertion strategies for peripherally inserted central venous catheters in newborn infants

Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation

Insulin-like growth factor-1 for the prevention or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Interim Template

Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

Interventions for improving perinatal palliative care in the delivery room

Interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates

Interventions for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews

Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants

Interventions for strengthening maternal and newborn health systems in developing country communities

Interventions for treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants

Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants

Intraosseous access for infant resuscitation

Intratracheal Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) administration in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Intratracheal instillation of corticosteroids using surfactant as a vehicle for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome

Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants

Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or proven infection in neonates

Intravenous in-line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates

Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit

Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease

Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates

Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants

Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants

Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants

Kinesthetic stimulation for preventing apnea in preterm infants

Kinesthetic stimulation for treating apnea in preterm infants

Kinesthetic stimulation versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants

Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants

Lactoferrin for the post-operative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery

Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation

Laser photocoagulation versus transscleral cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity

Late (> 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Late (≥ 7 days) inhalation corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants

Late surfactant therapy for prevention or treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants

Leukotriene receptor antagonists for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Light-emitting diode phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants

Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants

Live versus dead or inactivated probiotics supplementation for preterm infants (< 37 weeks)

Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity

Local wound analgesia in infants undergoing thoracic or abdominal surgery

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term

Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants

Loop diuretics during blood transfusion for anemia in preterm infants

Low versus high haemoglobin concentration threshold for blood transfusion for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants

Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lung lavage for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants

Lung recruitment manoeuvres for reducing respiratory morbidity in mechanically ventilated neonates

Lutein and zeaxanthin for reducing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Magnesium sulfate for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Magnesium sulfate for term infants following perinatal asphyxia

Manual ventilation devices for neonatal resuscitation

Mask holding techniques for neonatal resuscitation at birth

Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants

Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease

Medical therapies for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in term and preterm infants

Melatonin treatment for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Metalloporphyrins for treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates

Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants

Methods of securing peripheral vascular catheters to reduce morbidity in neonates

Methylxanthine for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants

Methylxanthine prophylaxis versus treatment for preterm infants at risk of apnea

Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants

Milrinone for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Milrinone for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction in neonates

Minimising environmental noise to improve growth and development for newborn infants in the neonatal unit

Moderately early (7-14 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Molecular assays for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates

Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants

Multinutrient fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants

Multivitamins for the prevention of morbidity in preterm infants fed breastmilk

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants

N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of chronic lung disease in very low birth weight infants

Naloxone for opioid-exposed newborn infants

Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks' gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia

Nasal airways (single or double prong, long or short) for neonatal resuscitation

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for term neonates with respiratory distress

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure immediately after extubation for preventing morbidity in preterm infants

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for apnea of prematurity

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation

Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants

Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants

Nebulised surfactant in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants

Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn

Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle income countries

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared to other forms of triggered ventilation for neonatal respiratory support

Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation

Newborn resuscitation with intact cord for term infants

Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term

Non-invasive high-frequency ventilation in newborn infants with respiratory distress

Non-invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

Non-nutritive sucking for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants

Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants

Non-pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns

Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates

Non-surgical and surgical interventions for airway obstruction in children with Robin Sequence

Nutrient-enriched formula milk versus human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants

Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Octreotide for the treatment of chylothorax in neonates

One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates

Opiate treatment for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants

Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (new protocol)

Optimization of therapeutic hypothermia for treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborns

Optimizing antibiotic use for prevention of infections in neonates with gastroschisis

Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants

Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk neonates

Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates

Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants

Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants

Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants

Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants

Orotracheal intubation in infants performed with a stylet versus without a stylet

Overview of ventilation strategies for the early management of intubated preterm infants

Pain relief for neonatal circumcision

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns

Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia

Patient isolation measures for infants with candida colonization or infection for preventing or reducing transmission of candida in neonatal units

Pentoxifylline for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates

Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and late preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinemia

Peripheral retinal ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants

Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants

Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates

Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews

Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants

Plasma transfusion to prevent intraventricular haemorrhage in very preterm infants

Platelet transfusion for thrombocytopenic infants

Platelet transfusion to reduce the incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy

Position (or posture) for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants

Positive end-expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth

Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnea of the newborn

Postnatal magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection in preterm infants

Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia

Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Prebiotics for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy

Premedication for non-urgent endotracheal intubation for preventing pain in neonates

Preoxygenation for tracheal suctioning in intubated, ventilated newborn infants

Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Probiotics for the post-operative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery

Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia in late preterm and term neonates

Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity

Procalcitonin for the diagnosis of sepsis in infants

Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Prophylactic animal derived surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical venous catheters

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants with intercostal catheters

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia

Prophylactic caffeine to prevent postoperative apnoea following general anaesthesia in preterm infants

Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation

Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn

Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants

Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants

Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants

Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants

Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants

Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants

Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters

Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants

Prophylactic theophylline or aminophylline for prevention of renal dysfunction in newborns with perinatal asphyxia

Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection

Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates

Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates

Propofol for procedural sedation/anaesthesia in neonates

Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions

Prostanoids and their analogues for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates

Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants

Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates

Protocol Template

Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in newborn infants

Proton pump inhibitors for gastro-oesophageal reflux in neonates

Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants

Pulmonary surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects

Pulse oximetry sensor application for neonates during resuscitation

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of premature and low birth weight infants

Quality improvement interventions to reduce the incidence of late-onset infection in neonatal units

Quality improvement methods for improving oxygen saturation targeting in preterm infants

Radiant warmers versus incubators for regulating body temperature in newborn infants

Rapid correction of early metabolic acidaemia in comparison with placebo, no intervention or slow correction in LBW infants

Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants

Recombinant activated Factor VII for prevention and treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage in neonates

Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates

Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy

Remote retinal imagining for diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage

Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Rescue high-frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Respiratory function monitoring to reduce mortality and morbidity in newborn infants receiving resuscitation

Respiratory support guided by exhaled CO2 for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants requiring resuscitation

Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants

Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants

Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy

Routine oro/nasopharyngeal suction versus no suction at birth

Routine screening by echocardiography to reduce morbidity and mortality from congenital heart disease in neonates with Down syndrome

Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn

Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates

Sample Streamlined Short Version

Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants

Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants

Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates

Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants

Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants

Short-duration versus standard-duration antibiotic regimens for the treatment of neonatal bacterial infection

Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates

Simplified antibiotic regimes for neonates and young infants with fast breathing

Single versus double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborn infants

Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants

Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth

Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants

Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants

Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality

Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants

Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in newborn infants

Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants

Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants

Strategies for the withdrawal of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants

Streamlined review short version

Streamlined review standard version

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures

Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates

Superoxide dismutase for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants

Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants

Supine versus non-supine sleep position for preventing short-term morbidity and mortality in hospitalised spontaneously breathing preterm infants

Supplemental oxygen for the treatment of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity

Surfactant for bacterial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants

Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants

Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates

Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Surfactant therapy via brief tracheal catheterization in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Surgical ligation for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes

Sweet solutions for newborns undergoing painful procedures

Synbiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants

Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Targeted or adjustable versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Telemedicine for the support of parents of high-risk newborn infants

The Impact of Family Integrated Care on Infant Health Outcomes in the Neonatal Unit

The effect of different chest compression ratios during resuscitation on mortality and developmental outcome for neonates requiring resuscitation

The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow

The effect of non-standard teats on oral feeding in preterm infants.

The effects of thyroxine on end organ damage in asphyxiated neonates

Therapeutic interventions for the prevention of diaper dermatitis in neonates

Thrombolytic agents for arterial and venous thromboses in neonates

Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery

Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants

Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants

Topical barriers for prevention of nasal trauma in preterm infants requiring binasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants

Topiramate for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants

Tracheal suction at birth in non-vigorous neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid

Tracheal suctioning without disconnection in intubated ventilated neonates

Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns

Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality

Transcutaneous screening for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates

Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight

Transfusion of fresh versus non-fresh (older) red blood cell in neonates

Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants

Treatment of electrographically detected and clinical seizures in late preterm and term newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter design (end vs. side hole)

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter materials

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns

Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates

Varying proportion of non-protein energy provided as lipids in parenterally fed neonates

Vasopressin and its analogues for the treatment of refractory hypotension in neonates

Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates

Ventilation strategies for respiratory insufficiency in term and late preterm infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)

Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates

Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in moderate and late preterm infants

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in preterm and low birth weight infants

Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates

Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants

Washed versus unwashed red blood cells for transfusion for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near-term and term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age

Zinc supplementation of parenteral nutrition in newborn infants

By subtopic:

Blood and Hematopoietic Disorders (15)

Blood Component Therapy (8)

Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants

Washed versus unwashed red blood cells for transfusion for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Loop diuretics during blood transfusion for anemia in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Low versus high haemoglobin concentration threshold for blood transfusion for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants

Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia

Recombinant activated Factor VII for prevention and treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage in neonates (protocol stage)

Transfusion of fresh versus non-fresh (older) red blood cell in neonates (protocol stage)

Prophylactic intravenous calcium therapy for exchange blood transfusion in the newborn

Erythropoietin (3)

Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants

Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants

Hematologic Problems in the Neonate (4)

Heparin for the treatment of thrombosis in neonates

Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates

Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates

Thrombolytic agents for arterial and venous thromboses in neonates

Cardiovascular Disorders (25)

Congenital Heart Disease (2)

Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions

Routine screening by echocardiography to reduce morbidity and mortality from congenital heart disease in neonates with Down syndrome (protocol stage)

Hypotension (7)

Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise

Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants

Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants

Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow

Vasopressin and its analogues for the treatment of refractory hypotension in neonates

Other Cardiovascular Disorders (2)

Milrinone for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction in neonates (protocol stage)

Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (14)

Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants

Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants (protocol stage)

Fluid restriction and prophylactic indomethacin versus prophylactic indomethacin alone for prevention of morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants

Fluid restriction for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Furosemide for prevention of morbidity in indomethacin-treated infants with patent ductus arteriosus

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants

Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants

Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants

Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants

Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Delivery Room Resuscitation of the Newborn (17)

Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth

Routine oro/nasopharyngeal suction versus no suction at birth

Birth room transition support for preterm infants: a Cochrane overview (protocol stage)

Birth room transition support for term and near-term infants: a Cochrane overview (protocol stage)

Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants

Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation

Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Manual ventilation devices for neonatal resuscitation (protocol stage)

Nasal airways (single or double prong, long or short) for neonatal resuscitation (protocol stage)

Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants

Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth

Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes

Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants

Pulse oximetry sensor application for neonates during resuscitation (protocol stage)

Respiratory function monitoring to reduce mortality and morbidity in newborn infants receiving resuscitation

Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth

Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates

Dermatologic Disorders (0)

Diagnostic Imaging and Testing (5)

Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates (protocol stage)

C-reactive protein for diagnosing late-onset infection in newborn infants

Molecular assays for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates

Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects

Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns (protocol stage)

Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders (1)

Frenotomy for tongue-tie in newborn infants

Eye Disorders (8)

Retinopathy of Prematurity (8)

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Beta-blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

D-Penicillamine for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Early light reduction for preventing retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants

Insulin-like growth factor-1 for the prevention or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (protocol stage)

Laser photocoagulation versus transscleral cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity (protocol stage)

Peripheral retinal ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants

Supplemental oxygen for the treatment of prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity

Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Homeostasis (4)

Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis

Interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates

Rapid correction of early metabolic acidaemia in comparison with placebo, no intervention or slow correction in LBW infants

Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders (21)

Gastroesophageal Reflux (2)

Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro-oesophageal reflux

Non-nutritive sucking for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (13)

Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Antibiotic regimens for the empirical treatment of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis

Audio recordings of consultations with doctors for parents of critically sick babies

Different strains of probiotics for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis (protocol stage)

Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants

Enteral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates

Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants

Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Other Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders (6)

Erythromycin for the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants

Glycerin laxatives for prevention or treatment of feeding intolerance in very low birth weight infants

Lactoferrin for the post-operative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery (protocol stage)

Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants

Probiotics for the post-operative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery (protocol stage)

Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants

Genetic Disorders (0)

Immune System Disorders (4)

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy

Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy

Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity

Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants

Inborn Errors of Metabolism (0)

Infants of Addicted Mothers (4)

Naloxone for opioid-exposed newborn infants

Non-pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns (protocol stage)

Opiate treatment for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants

Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants

Infection (34)

Fungal and Protozoal Infections (4)

Antifungal agents for the treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis in neonates and children (protocol stage)

Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants

Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants

Antifungal therapy for newborn infants with invasive fungal infection

Infection Control (6)

Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates

Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality

Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates (protocol stage)

Infant isolation and cohorting for preventing or reducing transmission of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal units (protocol stage)

Patient isolation measures for infants with candida colonization or infection for preventing or reducing transmission of candida in neonatal units

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns

Postnatal Bacterial Infections (20)

Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis

Antibiotic regimens for suspected late onset sepsis in newborn infants

Community-based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low- and middle-income countries

Antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins to prevent staphylococcal infection in very low birth weight infants

Diazepam for treating tetanus

Short-duration versus standard-duration antibiotic regimens for the treatment of neonatal bacterial infection (protocol stage)

Effect of exchange transfusion on mortality in neonates with septicemia (protocol stage)

G-CSF and GM-CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections

One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates

Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropenia

Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants

Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or proven infection in neonates

Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants

Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection

Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates

Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants

Adjuvant corticosteroids for reducing death in neonatal bacterial meningitis

Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates

Viral Infections (4)

Antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates

Antiviral therapy for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in neonates and infants up to 3 months of age (protocol stage)

Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants

Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants

Intravascular Access (24)

Antibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter-related infection in neonates

Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants

Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters

Antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in newborn infants

Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters

Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants

Cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of intravascular catheter–associated infection in newborn infants (protocol stage)

Early planned removal of umbilical venous catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants

Early planned removal versus expectant management of peripherally inserted central catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants

Early removal versus expectant management of central venous catheters in neonates with bloodstream infection

Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates

Intravenous in-line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates

Methods of securing peripheral vascular catheters to reduce morbidity in neonates (protocol stage)

Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants

Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical venous catheters

Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn infants with intercostal catheters

Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters

Saline irrigation for the management of skin extravasation injury in neonates

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter design (end vs. side hole)

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of catheter materials

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of heparin

Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip

Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders (2)

Dopamine versus no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin-treated preterm newborn infants

Routine neonatal circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy

Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders (10)

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism (5)

Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants

Interventions for treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants

Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk neonates

Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants

Other Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders (1)

Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Thyroid Disorders (4)

Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia

Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

The effects of thyroxine on end organ damage in asphyxiated neonates (protocol stage)

Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants

Neonatal Jaundice and Liver Disorders (22)

Chest shielding for prevention of a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants receiving phototherapy

Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of neonatal jaundice (protocol stage)

Clofibrate in combination with phototherapy for unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia

Light-emitting diode phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Effect of pre-exchange albumin infusion on neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and long-term developmental outcomes (protocol stage)

Exchange transfusion for neonatal jaundice (protocol stage)

Fibreoptic phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

High vs low dose conventional phototherapy for neonatal jaundice (protocol stage)

Home- versus hospital-based phototherapy for the treatment of non-haemolytic jaundice in infants at more than 37 weeks' gestation

Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates

Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice (protocol stage)

Medical therapies for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in term and preterm infants (protocol stage)

Metalloporphyrins for treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates

Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and late preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (protocol stage)

Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia in late preterm and term neonates (protocol stage)

Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants

Single versus double volume exchange transfusion in jaundiced newborn infants

Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (protocol stage)

Transcutaneous screening for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates (protocol stage)

Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (protocol stage)

Neonatal Orthopedic Disorders (3)

Musculoskeletal Disorders (3)

Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants

Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants

Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants

Neurodevelopmental Care (3)

Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants

Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants

Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants (protocol stage)

Neurologic Disorders (26)

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (13)

Acupuncture for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates

Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring for prevention of brain injury in very preterm infants

Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near-term and term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

Dopamine for prevention of morbidity and mortality in term newborn infants with suspected perinatal asphyxia

Erythropoietin for preterm infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (protocol stage)

Erythropoietin for term and late preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (protocol stage)

Fluid restriction for term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia

Magnesium sulfate for term infants following perinatal asphyxia (protocol stage)

Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks' gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia

Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in newborn infants (protocol stage)

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia

Intracranial Hemorrhage and Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus (11)

Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation

Ethamsylate for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm or very low birth weight infants

Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants

Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants

Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Plasma transfusion to prevent intraventricular haemorrhage in very preterm infants (protocol stage)

Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular haemorrhage

Stem cell-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants

Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants

Other Neurologic Disorders (1)

Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews

Seizures in Neonates (1)

Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures

Nutrition and Metabolism in the High-Risk Neonate (80)

Enteral Nutrition (47)

Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breast feeds in preterm infants

Banked preterm versus banked term human milk to promote growth and development in very low birth weight infants

Branched-chain amino acid supplementation for improving nutrition in term and preterm neonates (protocol stage)

Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants

Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams

Continuous versus bolus intragastric tube feeding for preterm and low birth weight infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants

Early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who have not established full oral feeds

Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm

Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants (protocol stage)

Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants

Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants

Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants

Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants

Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants

Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants

Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease

High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants

Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates

Initiation of complementary feeding before four months of age for prevention of postnatal growth restriction in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation

Lactase treated feeds to promote growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term

Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants

Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants

Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants

Multinutrient fortification of human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Nasal versus oral route for placing feeding tubes in preterm or low birth weight infants

Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants

Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants

Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants

Nutrient-enriched formula milk versus human breast milk for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge

Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of premature and low birth weight infants

Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants

Short versus long feeding interval for bolus feedings in very preterm infants (protocol stage)

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants

Targeted or adjustable versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk (protocol stage)

Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants

Parenteral Nutrition (13)

Alterations in parenteral nutrition management for the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in term and preterm infants (protocol stage)

Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates

Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates

Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice

Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants

Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition

Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (protocol stage)

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants

Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants

Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants

Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants

Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants

Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed term and late preterm infants

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation (20)

Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants

Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants

Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (protocol stage)

Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of anaemia in preterm neonates (protocol stage)

Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease

Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants

Lutein and zeaxanthin for reducing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle income countries

Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates

Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants (protocol stage)

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age

Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in moderate and late preterm infants (protocol stage)

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in preterm and low birth weight infants (protocol stage)

Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (protocol stage)

Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age (protocol stage)

Zinc supplementation of parenteral nutrition in newborn infants (protocol stage)

Pain Management (17)

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates

Clonidine for painful procedures or conditions in infants (protocol stage)

Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (protocol stage)

Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit

Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity

Local wound analgesia in infants undergoing thoracic or abdominal surgery (protocol stage)

Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates (protocol stage)

Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Pain relief for neonatal circumcision

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates (protocol stage)

Propofol for procedural sedation/anaesthesia in neonates

Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy

Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures

Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants

Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates

Perinatal Services and Resources (2)

Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care

Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality

Physical Environment Management (12)

Cot-nursing versus incubator care for preterm infants

Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants

Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators

Higher versus lower humidity for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants in incubators (protocol stage)

Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants

Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants

Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Radiant warmers versus incubators for regulating body temperature in newborn infants

Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants

Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants

Supine versus non-supine sleep position for preventing short-term morbidity and mortality in hospitalised spontaneously breathing preterm infants (protocol stage)

Transfer of preterm infants from incubator to open cot at lower versus higher body weight

Psychosocial Interventions (4)

Bed sharing versus no bed sharing for healthy term neonates (protocol stage)

Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins

Community-based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low- and middle-income countries

Telemedicine for the support of parents of high-risk newborn infants

Respiratory Disorders (148)

Apnea (14)

Body positioning for spontaneously breathing preterm infants with apnoea

Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants

Carnitine supplementation for preterm infants with recurrent apnoea

Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants

Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants

Doxapram versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants

Kinesthetic stimulation for preventing apnea in preterm infants

Kinesthetic stimulation for treating apnea in preterm infants

Kinesthetic stimulation versus methylxanthine for apnea in preterm infants

Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants

Prophylactic caffeine to prevent postoperative apnoea following general anaesthesia in preterm infants

Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation

Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants

Prophylactic methylxanthines for endotracheal extubation in preterm infants

Assessment of Pulmonary Function (0)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease) (22)

Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease

Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease

Early (< 8 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in very low birth weight preterm neonates

Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum

Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease

Late (≥ 7 days) inhalation corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates

Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants

Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease

Late (> 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Moderately early (7-14 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants

Pentoxifylline for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants

Superoxide dismutase for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

ECMO (1)

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants

Inhaled NO (2)

Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants

Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term

Mechanical Ventilation and Respiratory Support (50)

Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates

Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Chest physiotherapy for preventing morbidity in babies being extubated from mechanical ventilation

Chest physiotherapy for reducing respiratory morbidity in infants requiring ventilatory support

Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Deep versus shallow suction of endotracheal tubes in ventilated neonates and young infants

Devices and pressure sources for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm neonates

Diaphragm-triggered non-invasive respiratory support for preventing respiratory failure in preterm infants (protocol stage)

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants

Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Extubation from low-rate intermittent positive airway pressure versus extubation after a trial of endotracheal continuous positive airway pressure in intubated preterm infants

Flow-cycled versus time-cycled synchronized ventilation for neonates

Frequency of endotracheal suctioning for the prevention of respiratory morbidity in ventilated newborns

Heated and humidified inspired gas through heated humidifiers in comparison to non-heated and non-humidified gas in hospitalised neonates receiving respiratory support (protocol stage)

Heliox for prevention of morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants (protocol stage)

High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (protocol stage)

High frequency jet ventilation versus high frequency oscillatory ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction born at or near term

Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants

Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation

Lung recruitment manoeuvres for reducing respiratory morbidity in mechanically ventilated neonates (protocol stage)

Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease

Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants

High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for term neonates with respiratory distress (protocol stage)

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants (protocol stage)

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure immediately after extubation for preventing morbidity in preterm infants

Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for apnea of prematurity

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation

Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants

Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared to other forms of triggered ventilation for neonatal respiratory support

Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation

Non-invasive high-frequency ventilation in newborn infants with respiratory distress (protocol stage)

Overview of ventilation strategies for the early management of intubated preterm infants (protocol stage)

Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants

Positive end-expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Premedication for non-urgent endotracheal intubation for preventing pain in neonates (protocol stage)

Preoxygenation for tracheal suctioning in intubated, ventilated newborn infants

Orotracheal intubation in infants performed with a stylet versus without a stylet

Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Rescue high-frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants

Strategies for the withdrawal of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants

Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants

Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in newborn infants

Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants

Tracheal suctioning without disconnection in intubated ventilated neonates

Other Respiratory Disorders in Term and Preterm Infants (4)

Infant pacifiers for reduction in risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Octreotide for the treatment of chylothorax in neonates

Surfactant for pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates

Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn

Oxygen Administration (4)

Automated oxygen delivery for preterm infants with respiratory dysfunction (protocol stage)

Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants

Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants

Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (2)

Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants

Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality

Pneumonia (1)

Surfactant for bacterial pneumonia in late preterm and term infants

Respiratory Disorders in Term Infants (20)

Diaphragmatic Hernia (1)

Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (7)

Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous, meconium-stained infants born at term

Gastrografin for treatment of meconium obstruction in term and preterm infants (protocol stage)

Lung lavage for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants

Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants

Surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome in term and late preterm infants

Tracheal suction at birth in non-vigorous neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (protocol stage)

Antibiotics for neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid

Pulmonary Hypertension (6)

Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants

Hydralazine in infants with persistent hypoxemic respiratory failure

Magnesium sulfate for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Milrinone for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Prostanoids and their analogues for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates

Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates

Transient Tachypnea (6)

Diuretics for transient tachypnoea of the newborn

Fluid restriction in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (protocol stage)

Non-invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (protocol stage)

Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnea of the newborn (protocol stage)

Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn

Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (28)

Other Interventions (8)

Antithrombin for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants

Digoxin for preventing or treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Early versus delayed initiation of continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome

Intratracheal Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) administration in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Pulmonary Surfacant (20)

Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs. selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome

Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

High versus low thresholds for repeat administration of surfactant in intubated preterm neonates (protocol stage)

Intratracheal instillation of corticosteroids using surfactant as a vehicle for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (protocol stage)

Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Nebulised surfactant in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome

Prophylactic animal derived surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates (protocol stage)

Surfactant therapy guided by tests for lung maturity in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome (protocol stage)

Surfactant therapy via brief tracheal catheterization in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome (protocol stage)

Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

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